Когерентність і послідовність у розділі

Assignment 13

Reading a paragraph

Teaching language to an Ape

Over the past years several efforts have been made to teach a chimpanzee human language. In the early 1930's Winthrop and Luella Kellogg raised a female chimpanzee named Gua along with their infant son; at the age of 16 month Gua could understand about 100 words, but she never did try to speak them. In the 1940's Keith and Cathy Hayes raised a chimpanzee named Vicki in their home; she learned a large number of words and with some difficulty could mouth the words "mama", "papa" and "cup". More recently Allen and Beatrice Gardner have taught their chimpanzee Washoe to communicate in the American Sign Language with their fingers and hands. Why try to teach human language to an ape? Since 1966 in our laboratory at the University of California we have been teaching Sarah to read and write with variously shaped and coloured pieces of plastic, each representing a word; Sarah has a vocabulary of about 130 terms that she uses with a reliability of between 75 and 80 percent.

Assignment 14

Analyzing the paragraph for unity

Assignment 15

Recognizing unity in supporting sentences

1. There are several reasons why online courses are increasing in popularity.

√

a.

Online courses are flexible in terms of time.

b.

Online courses have been available since the 1990s.

√

c.

Online courses are more convenient for students who live far away from the campus.

2. Childhood diabetes has many possible causes.

a.

Obesity is a major cause of diabetes.

b.

Children who eat too much sugar can get diabetes.

c.

Children with diabetes need constant medical care.

3. The world of dinosaurs is very familiar to the general population.

a.

Scientists believe that the birds of today are descended from dinosaurs.

b.

Every year, new movies and TV shows about dinosaurs are produced.

c.

Children study dinosaurs and play with dinosaur toys from an early age.

4. Linguists are extremely skeptical of the experimentally demonstrated language abilities of the chimpanzee.

a.

Linguists tend to exaggerate the child’s understanding of language.

b.

For chimpanzee the human language is just a particular communication system.

c.

It is our hope that scientific findings will dispel such prejudices.

Assignment 16

Editing for unity

CURIOSITY AS AN INCENTIVE TO THINKING

The curiosity of the scientist is usually directed toward seeking an understanding of things or relationships which he notices have no satisfactory explanation. In common with other animals we are born with an instinct of curiosity. Explanations usually consist in connecting new observations or ideas to accepted facts or ideas. An explanation may be a generalization which ties together a bundle of data into an orderly whole that can be connected up with current knowledge and beliefs. It provides the incentive for the young to discover the world in which they live. The student attracted to research is usually one who retains more curiosity than usual. People with no curiosity seldom get the stimulus.

Assignment 17

Developing unity

Assignment 18

Reading a paragraph and analyzing it for coherence

THE SPLENDID ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE GREEKS

Although they took the first step in the creation of science by systematic observation and measurement, the Babylonians and Egyptians failed to take the second, which is abstraction and generalization. The latter was the splendid achievement of the Greeks. The Greeks made no revolutionary technological discoveries. Much of the manual work in their society was performed by slaves and this was responsible for a psychological bias which led them to exalt the theoretical at the expense of the practical. Their attitude was expressed by Aristotle. But as more arts were invented, and some were directed to the necessities of life, others to recreation, the inventors of the latter were naturally always regarded as wiser as the former, because their branches of knowledge did not aim at utility. An aristocratic attitude of this kind towards knowledge is conductive to the development of philosophy, but not of experimental science of technology, and the science of the Greeks grew up as part of their philosophy. They desired to understand the world rather than to control and change it.

Assignment 19

Reordering for coherence

a.

He then went to the University of Cambridge to study for a Ph.D.

b.

This fatal disease weakens all body’s muscles.

c.

His farther was specialist in tropical diseases.

d.

During this time doctors discovered that he had ALS, which is sometimes called Lou Gehrig’s disease.

1

e.

Stephen Hawking was born in 1942 in Oxford, England.

f.

When Hawking heard this, he became very depressed.

g.

He went to the University of Oxford and received a degree in physics.

h.

Most people with ALS live for five years.

i.

Stephen wanted to be a scientist too.

j.

The doctors thought Hawking would live for only two and a half more years.